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Стремительное развитие технологий приводит к значительным изменениям в языках, поскольку носители и авторы текстов приспосабливают существующий словарный запас для описания новых явлений. В данном исследовании рассматриваются процессы и результаты семантических сдвигов в лексике, связанной с технологией, на примере трех типологически и культурно различающихся языков: английского, узбекского и русского. На основе сравнительного корпусного анализа мы изучаем, как слова, связанные с коммуникацией, вычислительной техникой и цифровыми инструментами, претерпели изменения в значении за последние несколько десятилетий.
Мы опираемся на теории семантических изменений, историческую лингвистику и социолингвистические подходы, анализируя влияние языковых контактов, заимствований и культурных контекстов на формирование лексической семантики. В работе используются корпуса, такие как корпус современного американского английского COCA , Узбекский национальный корпус и Национальный корпус русского языка, а также словари и лексикографические ресурсы. Полученные результаты демонстрируют различные пути семантических сдвигов в этих трех языках, отражающие как глобальное технологическое воздействие, так и особенности локальных лингвистических экосистем.
В заключение мы подчеркиваем важность непрерывного научного внимания к семантической эволюции, поскольку она дает представление о том, как носители языка концептуализируют и осваивают все более ускоряющийся мир цифровых инноваций. The rapid proliferation of digital technologies over the past half-century has not only transformed societal, economic, and cultural structures worldwide but also significantly reshaped the linguistic landscape. As new concepts and tools emerge, languages adapt by introducing neologisms, borrowing foreign terms, and repurposing existing words. This process is particularly notable in the domain of technology-related vocabulary, where innovation regularly outpaces lexicographic codification.
Words that once had stable, concrete meanings can acquire more abstract or figurative interpretations as they become associated with digital realities. For instance, in English, the word cloud , formerly restricted to meteorological phenomena, has shifted to denote remote data storage servers. Similarly, mouse , initially limited to a small rodent, is now strongly connected to computer accessories. These semantic shifts reflect the cultural importance and pervasiveness of technology in contemporary life. However, the processes and outcomes of semantic shift are not uniform across languages.
They are influenced by historical, cultural, and structural factors. English, as a global lingua franca of technology, tends to drive terminological innovation and spread new meanings worldwide. Meanwhile, Uzbek and Russian have their own unique mechanisms, constraints, and historical contexts that shape how they incorporate and adapt technologically linked vocabulary. Uzbek, a Turkic language, has undergone periods of heavy influence from Arabic, Persian, Russian, and now English in the realm of technical vocabulary.
This study aims to investigate how technological advancement influences semantic shifts in English, Uzbek, and Russian. We examine a range of words related to communication technologies, computing devices, and digital platforms. Drawing on a combination of corpus-based analysis, dictionary data, and scholarly literature, we identify patterns of semantic change and their underlying causes. By taking a comparative and cross-linguistic approach, we seek to understand how global forces interact with local linguistic ecologies, and what implications these interactions have for our understanding of language evolution in the digital age. According to Ullmann , semantic change can be categorized into broadening, narrowing, amelioration, pejoration, and metaphorical or metonymic shifts.
Technological advancement often triggers semantic change by introducing new referents or changing how speakers conceptualize existing concepts. Traugott and Dasher outline mechanisms through which meanings evolve as a result of socio-cultural changes, contact with other languages, and the cognitive processes of metaphor and metonymy. Within the realm of technology, semantic shifts often follow from metaphorical extensions. For example, words from non-technical domains acquire new, technical senses. The linguistic sign evolves, and speakers gradually conventionalize new meanings. Technological change introduces novel concepts that demand lexical representation. This can occur through neologisms, borrowings, and polysemy. English has historically been at the forefront of generating technological terminology, as a large number of digital innovations emerged in Anglophone contexts Crystal, Words such as download , keyboard , surf the internet , and driver in computing are reassignments of existing English terms to technology-specific contexts.
Over time, these metaphors become entrenched, and the once-novel meaning gains lexical independence. While English is a global driver of technological semantics, languages like Uzbek and Russian have navigated different historical trajectories. Uzbek is spoken in Central Asia, where for decades the language experienced influences from Russian during the Soviet era and, more recently, from English as Uzbekistan embraces modern technologies and the global economy. For instance, the Uzbek term kompyuter is a loan from English, transmitted through Russian. Semantic shifts in Uzbek technological vocabulary reflect a tension between preserving native roots and adopting international expressions. With the rise of global digitalization, Russian speakers increasingly rely on English borrowings or reinterpret Russian words to fit new technological contexts.
By comparing English, Uzbek, and Russian, we can highlight how global pressures and local linguistic systems interact, resulting in distinct pathways for semantic adaptation. This study draws on several data sources to capture the semantic shifts in technology-related vocabulary:. A range of scholarly works on semantic change, metaphor, and technological lexis e. We focus on words that have well-documented pre-digital senses and have gained new meanings linked to digital technology. Criteria for selecting terms include:. We identified a set of about 15 representative words per language and tracked their usage over a to year period s—s , examining tokens from corpora and dictionary entries to identify semantic changes.
Using concordancing tools, we examine word frequencies, collocational patterns, and contextual usage over time. We compare older texts pre with recent texts post to identify when new meanings emerge and become prevalent. We compare dictionary definitions from older and newer editions, noting additions of new senses, shifts in primary sense order, and changes in usage notes.
Through qualitative analysis, we identify metaphors and metonymies that facilitate semantic shifts. For example, tracing how cloud in English is metaphorically extended from a meteorological domain to a digital domain. We analyze whether similar concepts undergo parallel semantic shifts in English, Uzbek, and Russian, or if differences in cultural and historical context lead to distinct patterns. Originally referring to a small rodent, mouse acquired a new meaning as a computer input device in the s. By the s, the computing sense dominates many technical and popular texts. Lexicographic sources like the OED added the computing sense in the late s, reflecting a rapid semantic shift propelled by the personal computer revolution.
Traditionally, cloud meant a visible mass of water droplets in the sky. With the advent of the internet and networked storage, cloud took on an abstract meaning referring to remote servers and data storage. By the mids, usage in business and tech publications shows cloud computing as a dominant collocation, and dictionaries like Merriam-Webster and the OED added the new sense.
The English examples demonstrate how metaphorical extension and technological innovation drive rapid semantic changes. English, as a primary language of technological invention, fosters the widespread and early adoption of new meanings, quickly integrated into dictionaries and mainstream discourse. Uzbek, influenced by Russian and increasingly by English, has integrated technological vocabulary primarily through borrowing and calquing. Semantic shift occurs when borrowed terms or existing Uzbek words are extended to new domains. Dictionaries now list the technological sense as a primary or equally important meaning.
This shift mirrors that in English network and Russian сеть , showing a common conceptual adaptation. The Uzbek term fayl is a borrowing through Russian файл from English file. Initially, it was purely a technical term without a pre-digital Uzbek meaning. Over time, fayl has become so entrenched that it can also metaphorically extend to non-digital contexts, though this is less common. The semantic shift here is more about the integration of a borrowed term into the broader lexical system and sometimes applying it metaphorically to collections of information in non-digital formats. In Uzbek, the interplay of borrowing and semantic extension illustrates how technological concepts are incorporated into local linguistic ecologies.
While many key technology terms originate from Russian or English, their adoption into Uzbek triggers subtle shifts. Native words like dastur and tarmoq broaden their meaning, bridging pre-digital organizational concepts with digital infrastructures. Russian technological vocabulary has a complex legacy: during the Soviet era, Russian coined many scientific terms domestically. However, the post-Soviet influx of English-based technology has influenced semantic shift and borrowing patterns. Collocations in the Russian National Corpus from the s onwards show an increasing frequency of сеть in contexts referring to digital infrastructure.
Dictionaries updated definitions to reflect this dual meaning. Corpus data from the s and onward show почта collocating with verbs and adjectives that strongly suggest digital contexts. Some Russian dictionaries now note the shift in meaning, distinguishing traditional and electronic senses. Pre-internet corpora show сообщение mainly referring to official notices, news broadcasts, and printed communications. By the s, сообщение often occurs in contexts related to digital communication. The lexical item retains its old meaning but has significantly broadened to encompass new communication technologies. Instead, existing words undergo semantic broadening to embrace new digital realities, aligning conceptually with global trends but retaining a distinctly Russian lexical character.
The comparative findings from English, Uzbek, and Russian illustrate both convergence and divergence in patterns of semantic shift related to technology. All three languages demonstrate the power of metaphor and metonymy in facilitating semantic shifts. Words rooted in pre-digital domains— mouse in English, tarmoq in Uzbek, сеть in Russian—were metaphorically extended to represent technological tools and networks. This supports the claims of Lakoff and Johnson that metaphors are a fundamental cognitive mechanism for conceptualizing abstract and novel domains. In all languages, frequent collocations in corpora reflect changes in usage patterns. The introduction of new domains the internet, computers, software compels words to shift meaning and accommodate these referents.
This parallels global linguistic trends in the digital era, where languages adapt their vocabularies to reflect contemporary realities Crystal, Terms like cloud and web rapidly acquired new meanings that spread internationally. English lexical innovations have a global reach, as seen in Uzbek and Russian adoptions of English technology terms e.
Uzbek, historically influenced by Persian, Arabic, and Russian, is now incorporating English-based tech terms. However, rather than replacing native terms entirely, Uzbek often broadens existing words to cover the digital realm. The Uzbek word dastur was once a general plan, now integral to the concept of software. Russian shows a notable tendency to adapt existing words to new realities. Rather than coining entirely new terms or relying solely on English borrowings, Russian extends the semantic scope of words like сеть , почта , and сообщение. Sociopolitical history informs how Uzbek and Russian incorporate technological terms. Cultural attitudes towards language purity, prestige, and normativity also play roles. Similarly, in Russia, there is an ongoing dialogue between linguistic conservatism and practical adaptation to global digital trends, leading to controlled semantic expansion of Russian words Dickey, The findings affirm that semantic shift is not purely linguistic but emerges at the intersection of cognitive, social, and cultural dynamics.
Technology acts as a powerful catalyst, introducing concepts that are assimilated via existing lexical resources.
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As Saturn transits through Aquarius, forming a sextile with your natal Uranus in Pisces, you are entering a phase where the universe is encouraging you to blend tradition with innovation. Saturn, the taskmaster of the zodiac, often gets a reputation for being a stern teacher, bringing about challenges that require discipline and patience. However, this transit is unique as it harmonizes with Uranus, the planet of sudden change and innovation, which is in your natal chart. The sextile is a supportive aspect that opens the door to opportunities, often without the jarring upheaval associated with more challenging aspects. Think of this time as an apprenticeship under the cosmos, where you are learning to apply discipline to your more unconventional ideas.
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Outgoing President Dmitry Medvedev, who is set to become the next prime minister, signaled in a speech Tuesday that taxes would not increase in the near term. Speaking to the advisory State Council in a grand Kremlin hall, Medvedev said it was "necessary" to achieve a more transparent and predictable regulatory environment, especially in macroeconomics. The trio rejected the prospect of higher taxes at a conference in November. Dvorkovich said at the time, "I am not simply against raising taxes. Siluanov said then that the ministry had no plans to increase the fiscal burden in the next five to six years, while Nabiullina warned that the current taxes were at a critical level. It must value entrepreneurship as a public virtue, seek to make the least possible interference in the economy, make sure law enforcement agencies are evenhanded with both private and state companies, meet world-class regulatory standards and involve all concerned parties in establishing the rules of the game. Starting with state involvement in the economy, he said the government will publish a list of state companies in the next few months and invite a public debate about keeping them in state ownership.
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